Tekereza ikintu gifite agaciro ku buzima bwawe, nk’amafaranga ari kuri konti, icyangombwa cy’ubutaka, ubwishingizi bw’imitungo cyangwa amabanga yawe yihariye. Akenshi kugira ngo ibyo bintu bibe bihamye, usabwa kwizera umuntu cyangwa ikigo kugira ngo amakuru abikwe neza. Ariko se koko ibyo wizera bihora byizewe? Hari igihe amakosa cyangwa uburiganya bibaho, bigatuma amakuru yawe ahungabana.
Blockchain ni ikoranabuhanga ryashizweho ngo ritange icyizere hatabayeho kwishingikiriza ku muntu cyangwa ikigo kimwe gusa. Muri blockchain, amakuru yose abikwa ku buryo abantu benshi bayafite kandi bayagenzura icyarimwe, bityo bigatuma guhindura amakuru bigorana cyane.
Urugero rworoshye ni nk’ikimina cy’amafaranga aho abanyamuryango bose baba bafite ikayi y’amakuru: buri wese yandika buri gikorwa cyabaye. Niba umuntu umwe ashaka guhindura ayo makuru, abandi bose bayafite bagasubira ku makayi yabo, bityo guhimbira ukuri bikaba bigoye. Muri blockchain, ibi bikorwa mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga, aho amakayi aba ari “digital” kandi abikwa ku mudasobwa nyinshi zitandukanye.
Ijambo “Blockchain” rigizwe n’amagambo abiri:
- Block: itsinda ry’amakuru ahurijwe hamwe, urugero nk’ibikorwa by’ukwezi kumwe.
- Chain: uruhererekane rwa blocks, aho buri block ifatanye n’iyikurikira. Ibi bituma kubura cyangwa guhindura amakuru bishobora kuba ingorabahizi, ariko kubona amakuru ya kera biroroshye.
Buri block ifite ikimenyetso cyihariye (hash) gishingiye ku makuru yayo ndetse kikanashyingira ku kimenyetso cya block yabanje. Uko hash ihinduka, amakuru yose agira ingaruka ku zindi blocks, bigatuma kuba hari ukuri guhindurwa bigorana.
Blockchain ni uburyo decentralized, bivuze ko amakuru abikwa ku mudasobwa nyinshi (nodes) aho kuba ku mudasobwa imwe gusa. Buri node iba ifite kopi y’amakuru kandi zihora zihuzwa kugira ngo hamenyekane ko amakuru asa, bityo ntihagira aho hantu hamwe hashobora kugabwaho ibitero cyangwa kwangirika.
Uburyo bwo kugenzura amakuru muri blockchain burimo:
- Proof of Work (PoW): abantu bita “miners” barakora imibare ikomeye kugira ngo block nshya yemerwe. Uwuzuza mbere abandi, block ye iremezwa n’abandi maze akahabwa ibihembo.
- Proof of Stake (PoS): abantu bita “validators” bashyira amafaranga yabo nk’ingwate (stake). Sisitemu ihitamo umuntu wemeza block nshya. Iyo akora neza ahabwa ibihembo, iyo atakoze neza, igice cy’ingwate ye kiratwarwa.
Ubu buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu mafaranga y’ikoranabuhanga nka Bitcoin na Ethereum, aho nta banki cyangwa ikigo kimwe kiyigenzura. Hari n’ubundi buryo bwo kugenzura amakuru bwihariye bukoreshejwe n’amasosiyete, aho abayahabwa uburenganzira gusa aribo bayagenzura, kandi nta muntu umwe ushobora kuyahindura wenyine.
Mu Rwanda, inzobere mu ikoranabuhanga mu by’imari, Cyusa Asaph, avuga ko blockchain yagiye ikoreshwa mu bucukuzi bwa Tantalum mu kugenzura aho yaturutse, kandi ubu iri kwifashishwa mu gukora ifaranga ry’ikoranabuhanga rya Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda (CBDC). Harimo kandi gutegurwa amategeko azemerera ibigo bitandukanye gukoresha blockchain mu bikorwa byabo, bigatuma ikoranabuhanga rikura mu Rwanda rihura n’igihe, rikongera umutekano n’icyizere mu bikorwa by’imari n’ubucuruzi.
Mu magambo make, blockchain ni uburyo bugezweho kandi bukomeye bwo kubika no kugenzura amakuru mu buryo bwizewe, bukumira uburiganya, bukongera umutekano w’amakuru kandi bukorohereza ubucuruzi mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga.
